Design features of brake pads of agricultural machinery that can affect their efficiency under different operating conditions
Keywords:
wear braking, friction coefficient, lapping, temperature regimes, tribological characteristics, friction materialsAbstract
The brake pad is one of the key components of the safety of both passengers and cargo. It plays a crucial role in the management of motor vehicles and machine equipment, and its design features determine the braking efficiency, durability, environmental friendliness and safety of the vehicle. The tribological characteristics of disc brakes largely depend on the design and materials from which the brake discs and pads are made and the friction coefficient that occurs between them. The latter significantly depends on the temperature and condition of the friction surface. With excessive heating (for example, during intensive braking), the effect of burnout of the friction material occurs, which leads to a loss of the friction coefficient and a decrease in braking efficiency. The work theoretically substantiates the dependence of braking on the temperature conditions of operation of the brake system of motor vehicles. The efficiency of the improved brake pad 2TP-114 Tp108 R3 under different temperature conditions was investigated and its performance was compared with three other brake pad samples used in Ukrainian vehicles.The results of tests conducted on the TecSA TTR2600 inertial dynamometer of LLC "BCZ "Tribo" according to ISO 26866:2009 showed that the proposed brake pad sample successfully passed the test and, in comparison with the other three samples, showed good results (in tests for braking efficiency with changes in temperature and speed, it showed a stable 2nd place), inferior in individual indicators only to sample "2". Moreover, in the running-in test, it required the least number of braking operations to reach a stable braking torque, which indicates its advantages when lapping new pads to the disc when replacing them, which can be used in vehicle service.
References
1. Бевз О. В., Магопець С. О., Матвієнко О. О. Дослідження характеристик гальмівного механізму автомобіля Hyundai Accent. Центральноукраїнський науковий вісник. Технічні науки. Кропивницький. ЦНТУ. 2019. Вип. 1 (32). С. 68–78.
2. Arman М., Singhal S., Chopra Р., Sarkar М. A review on material and wear analysis of automotive Break Pad. Materials Today Proceedings. 2018. Vol. 5(14-2). P. 28305–28312. Doi: 10.1016/j.matpr.2018.10.114.
3. Belhocine A., Bouchetara M. Temperature and thermal stresses of vehicles gray cast brake. Journal of applied research and technology. 2013. Vol. 11. P. 674–682. 10.1016/S1665-6423(13)71575-X.
4. Blau P.J. Compositions, functions, and testing of friction brake materials and their additives. Energy. 2001. Vol. 27. P. 38.
5. Carlevaris D., Leonardi М., Straffelini G., Gialanella S. Design of a friction material for brake pads based on rice husk and its derivatives. Wear. 2023. Vol. 526-527. P. 204893. Doi: 10.1016/j.wear.2023.204893.
6. Deng Р., Li Р., Xiao Р., Li Z., Li J., Chen Р., Liu Р., Li F. Oxidation behaviour of C/C–SiC brake discs tested on full-scale bench rig, Ceramics International. 2021. Vol. 47. Issue 24. P. 34783–34793.
7. Gautier di Confiengo G., Faga M.G. Ecological transition in the field of brake pad manufacturing: an overview of the potential green constituents. Sustainability. 2022. Vol. 14. P. 2508. doi: 10.3390/su14052508.
8. Ige O.Е., Freddie I.L., Adewumi G. Biomass-based composites for brake pads: a review. International Journal of Mechanical Engineering and Technology. 2019. Vol. 10(3). P. 920–943. http://www.iaeme.com/IJMET/issues.asp?JType=IJMET&VType=10&IType=3.
9. Irawan A.P., Fitriyana D.F., Tezara C., Siregar J.P., Laksmidewi D.,
Baskara G.D., Abdullah M.Z., Junid R., Had A.E., Hamdan M.H.M. Overview of the important factors influencing the performance of eco-friendly brake pads. Polymers. 2022. Vol. 14. P. 1180. doi: 10.3390/polym14061180.
10. Kindrachuk M., Volchenko D., Fidrovska N., Dukhota O., Zhuravlev D., Ostashuk M., Porokhovskyi Y., Kharchenko V. Wear-friction properties of friction pairs in disc-pad brakes. Eastern-European Journal of Enterprise Technologies. 2023. Vol. 4(12 (124). P. 56–61. https://doi.org/10.15587/1729-4061.2023.285699.
11. Kim J. W., Joo B. S., Jang Н. The effect of contact area on velocity weakening of the friction coefficient and friction instability: A case study on brake friction materials, Tribology International. 2019. Vol. 135. P. 38–45.
12. Kumar V.V., Selvaraj S.K. Friction material composite: types of brake friction material formulations and effects of various ingredients on brake performance-a review. Materials Research Express. 2019. Vol. 6. P. 2404. doi: 10.1088/2053-1591/ab2404.
13. Motta M., Fedrizzi L., Andreatta F. Corrosion Stiction in Automotive Braking Systems. Materials. 2023. Vol. 16. P. 3710. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma16103710.
14. Mulani S.M., Kumar А., Shaikh H.N.A., Saurabh А., Singh P. K., Piyush
Verma C. A review on recent development and challenges in automotive brake pad-disc system, Materials Today: Proceedings. 2022. Vol. 56. Part 1. P. 447–454.
15. Nogueira A.P.G., Bagolan Р., Leonardi М., Gialanella S., Straffelini G. The role of scorching treatment on the wear and emission behavior of friction materials with and without copper. Wear. 2020. Vol. 460-461. P. 203480.
16. Soundarrajan K., Varthanan P. A., Devanand A., Balaji M. V., Nandha P.S., Sivaraman S. Automotive brake pad by using functionally graded hybrid composites and their behaviour. International Journal of Mechanical Engineering and Technology. 2018. Vol. 9.
P. 318–328.
17. Sinha A., Ischia G., Menapace C., Gialanella S. Experimental characterization protocols for wear products from disc brake materials. Atmosphere. 2020. Vol. 11. P. 1102. doi: 10.3390/atmos11101102.
18. Straffelini G. Friction and wear, methodologies for design and control. Springer International Publishing: Berlin/Heidelberg, Germany. 2015. 296 p.
19. Wahlström J., Leonardi M., Tu M., Lyu Y., Perricone G., Gialanella S.,
Olofsson U. A study of the effect of brake pad scorching on tribology and airborne particle emissions. Atmosphere. 2020. Vol. 11. P. 488. https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos11050488.
20. Wang S., Yu Z., Wang J., Chen S. Research on CNN-LSTM brake pad wear condition monitoring based on gto multi-objective optimization. Actuators. 2023. Vol. 12.
P. 301. https://doi.org/10.3390/act12070301.
21. Wei L., Choy Y.S., Cheung C.S. A study of brake contact pairs under different friction conditions with respect to characteristics of brake pad surfaces, Tribology International. 2019. Vol. 138. P. 99–110.
